Between April and June 1944 the war the islands had waited for came within reach, though most of it happened where they could not see. In the Bohol Strait a Japanese plane fell from a storm, and Cebu guerrillas pulled from an admiral's bag the whole secret battle plan of the enemy's fleet. Two fishermen hid the box that washed ashore; a garrison burned half the island hunting it; and Cushing traded the admiral back to spare his people while the papers went out to sea. Off Negros the Crevalle carried the secret and the saved away together. In Manila the puppet state begged for laborers and got a boycott, sent a mission of thanks to Tokyo, and pressed a reluctant Roxas to run the famine. The enemy remade his armies and dug his fortress, and far to the east a sea battle the islands could only hear as rumor broke his carriers. This is how those three months were lived, here, on the islands.
1 April 1944
StoryThe Bohol Strait, off Cebu
Out of a night storm a great Japanese flying boat came down in the Bohol Strait off Cebu. Guerrillas and fishermen pulled the survivors from the water — among them a Japanese admiral, Fukudome — and, from a waterproof bag he clung to, a sheaf of the enemy's most secret papers. The sea had delivered into island hands something the guerrillas did not yet understand the worth of.
Cebu →Ditching of Fukudome's flying boat off Cebu; capture of survivors and documents, 1 Apr 1944.
3 April 1944
StoryMagtalisay, Cebu
At Magtalisay on the Cebu coast two villagers, Pedro Gantuangoko and Rufo Wamer, found a wooden box washed up from the fallen plane and hid it from the searching enemy. Inside was a red portfolio marked with a single letter, Z. They passed it hand to hand to a guerrilla corporal, Berting Varga, and up toward Cushing's command. Two fishermen had caught the enemy's whole battle plan out of the sea.
Cebu →Recovery of the Z-Plan box by Pedro Gantuangoko and Rufo Wamer at Magtalisay; passed via Cpl. Norberto Varga, 3 Apr 1944 (supplied).
5 April 1944
StorySouthern Cebu
The enemy came for the papers in fury. The Cebu garrison commander, Onishi, threw two thousand soldiers across the south of the island to find them, and where they searched they burned — villages given to the torch, people driven out or killed, all for a box the searchers never found. The price of the Z-Plan began to be paid, and it was paid by Cebu.
Cebu →Onishi deploys 2,000 troops in a destructive search for the Z-Plan documents, Cebu, early Apr 1944 (supplied).
8 April 1944
StoryManila
Under hard pressure from Laurel, Manuel Roxas took the chair of a new Economic Planning Board, charged to master the famine and the black market. It was a cruel post — a man who held in secret to Quezon and the return, made now to manage the hunger of the puppet state. He took it as he took everything in those years: outwardly serving, inwardly waiting.
Roxas reluctantly chairs the Economic Planning Board under Laurel, 8 Apr 1944 (supplied).
10 April 1944
StoryNear Cebu City
Cushing had twenty-five men; the enemy hunting him had thousands, and the island was burning. So he made his bargain: the admiral and his officers returned, in exchange for the people left in peace. On the tenth Fukudome was carried back to the Japanese lines, and the reprisals eased. The enemy thought he had won. But the box with the red portfolio was already gone to the sea.
Cebu →Cushing's negotiated return of Fukudome to spare Cebu civilians; prisoners handed back 10 Apr 1944.
16 April 1944
StoryManila and the provinces
Laurel went on the radio to call up a Labor Recruitment Agency and forty thousand Filipino hands to build the defenses the enemy wanted against the coming Americans. The country answered with its feet: the boycott was near total. Filipinos would go hungry and risk the gun before they would dig the trenches meant to hold their own liberators out. Even under threat, the people found a way to refuse.
Laurel's Labor Recruitment Agency and the public boycott, 16 Apr 1944 (supplied).
17 April 1944
StoryTokyo
Benigno Aquino led a mission of thanks to Tokyo — with Yulo, de las Alas, and Osias — and there received from the emperor's hand the Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun. He told the world that MacArthur could never return, that victory would be Japan's. He spoke for the enemy's Philippines. The other Philippines, in the hills and the barrios, knew better, and waited.
Aquino's gratitude mission to Tokyo; Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun; his declaration of Japanese victory, 17 Apr 1944 (supplied).
26 April 1944
BattleRizal
In Rizal the enemy closed a ring on Marking's guerrillas — eighteen hundred troops with cavalry, aircraft, mountain guns, even a tank — and for four hours the trap tightened. Four hundred fighters, starving and half-armed, broke out by a thread and ran for Sampaloc. Marking's band had slipped the noose again, but only just, and left much behind in the running.
Rizal →Japanese four-hour encirclement of Marking's guerrillas in Rizal; escape to Sampaloc, ~26 Apr 1944 (supplied).
28 April 1944
StoryManila and the towns
In the towns the famine wore its daily face — the queues, the buy-and-sell, the swollen bellies of children, the quiet funerals. People sold the last of the old life for a cup of rice and boiled what the sea and the ditches gave. To live another day had become the whole of the work of living.
Daily conditions of the 1944 famine in the occupied towns.
4 May 1944
StoryNegros
Across the water on Negros, the intelligence man Ed Andrews took delivery of the first of the Z-Plan documents, carried over from Cebu. The box was moving toward the sea and the submarines, one careful hand to the next. What had washed up on a Cebu beach was now in the hands of men who knew how to send it where it would matter.
Negros Oriental →Ed Andrews receives the first Z-Plan documents on Negros, 4 May 1944 (supplied).
11 May 1944
StoryOff Basay, Negros
At dusk off Basay the submarine Crevalle surfaced, and Colonel Abcede brought out to her the refugees from Tolong — some twenty-eight souls — and the wooden box of the Z-Plan. She took them all down into the deep and ran for Australia, and reached Darwin safe eight days later. The enemy's secret and a boatload of the saved rode out together beneath his own patrols.
Negros Oriental →USS Crevalle evacuates refugees from Tolong (28 per this account; other sources give up to ~40) and the Z-Plan from Basay, Negros, 11 May 1944; Darwin 19 May.
21 May 1944
StoryCebu to Brisbane
By the third week of May the box had reached the translators in Brisbane, and the enemy's whole plan for the great sea battle lay open in Allied hands before a shot was fired. The guerrillas who had found it and fought for it and sent it out heard nothing back. They could not know what they had done — that a red portfolio off a Cebu beach would help decide a battle a thousand miles away. They had changed the war, and would never see it.
The Z-Plan reaches ATIS (Mashbir) in Brisbane before the Battle of the Philippine Sea, ~21 May 1944 (island viewpoint; the strategic payoff unknowable to the guerrillas).
22 May 1944
StoryCebu
The Cebu naval commander Watanabe scattered leaflets across the island: Cushing was to give up all that came from the crash by noon on the thirtieth, or else. Cushing sent back a lie with a straight face — that fishermen had seen a boat carry the satchel off to Bohol. It bought him days. But the enemy's patience had a bottom, and the thirtieth was coming.
Cebu →Watanabe's leaflet ultimatum to Cushing and Cushing's delaying reply, 22 May 1944 (supplied).
24 May 1944
StoryAlusan Bay, Samar
The Narwhal ran into Alusan Bay on Samar with twenty-five tons and twenty-two men — among them American airmen come to raise a weather station on the coast. The fleet that would return needed to know the sky as much as the sea, and so, on a Samar shore, men began to read the winds for the ships still far away.
Northern Samar →USS Narwhal lands 25 tons and 22 men, incl. weather-station airmen, at Alusan Bay, Samar, 24 May 1944 (supplied).
25 May 1944
StoryThe rice provinces
The land gave less with every season of the war. The paddies lay short of hands and seed and water buffalo; the burned fields of the campaigns had not come back; the soil itself seemed tired. What the enemy did not seize, the exhausted earth could not grow. The famine was written now in the ground.
Continued collapse of agricultural production, mid-1944.
27 May 1944
StoryThe country around Manila
The word came down to Ramsey at last: no longer only watch, but strike. His East Central Luzon net turned from counting the enemy to cutting him — the depots, the lines, the small sure sabotage that would matter most when the ships came. The underground was sharpening from an eye into a knife.
Rizal →SWPA instructs Ramsey to begin sabotage operations around Manila, mid-1944.
28 May 1944
StoryManila and the towns
The secret police hunted all the harder as their fear grew. Agents were taken, safe houses lost, couriers followed to their contacts and then to the cells. The closer the return came, the more desperate the enemy was to blind and deafen the resistance before it could rise. Every message now was carried at the price of a life.
When the deadline passed, the enemy struck. A Japanese offensive fell on Cushing's headquarters, took it by surprise, and sent his battered command running through the hills. The price of the papers came due in full — his men scattered, his island hunted. But the papers were safe in Australia, and no offensive could bring them back. Cushing had lost his camp and kept the secret.
Cebu →Japanese offensive overruns Cushing's Cebu headquarters after the ultimatum expires, 30 May 1944 (supplied).
1 June 1944
StoryTukuran, Mindanao
The submarine Nautilus came into Tukuran on Mindanao with ninety-two tons and put ashore an agent, Rosenquist, to make his way inland to Laureta's guerrilla headquarters. The great boats were running the southern coasts almost at will now, laying in the guns and the men for the day the front would reach the islands.
Zamboanga del Sur →USS Nautilus lands 92 tons and Lt. Rosenquist at Tukuran, Mindanao, 1 June 1944 (supplied).
5 June 1944
StoryManila
Still the enemy pressed Laurel's government to declare war on America and Britain, and still Laurel and his ministers held back, spending words to buy time. They would not make the country a formal enemy of the power they believed was coming. The pressure mounted with the enemy's fear; the answer would not come until later in the year.
Continued Japanese pressure and Laurel's resistance to a declaration of war, 1944.
8 June 1944
StoryRamos Island, off Palawan
Far to the west the submarine Redfin landed a six-man Filipino watching team under Sergeant Corpus, with twenty-five tons of gear, on a small island off Palawan. Within a fortnight their radio was talking to Australia. Even Palawan, the long western wall of the islands, now had its eyes on the enemy's sea road.
Palawan →USS Redfin lands Sgt. Corpus's team and 25 tons near Palawan, 8 June 1944; first SWPA radio contact 22 June (supplied).
10 June 1944
StoryOff Batangas
General Vicente Lim — the first Filipino of West Point, a soldier who would not quit the fight — set out by boat to reach a Negros submarine and join MacArthur's planning for the return. Off Batangas the enemy flagged his boat down and found guns in the hold. They took him to Calapan, then to Fort Santiago. One of the finest the country had was in the enemy's hands.
Batangas →Capture of BGen Vicente Lim off Batangas en route to a submarine, June 1944; imprisonment at Fort Santiago (from research; not on the user list — flagged for review).
13 June 1944
StoryThe government-in-exile
Across the sea President Quezon was dying by inches at a sanatorium, his lungs failing, his heart set on a homecoming he would not live to see. He held to the promise of return to the last. The country did not know how near his end was — only that its flag still flew somewhere free, and that the man who had raised it was fading beneath it.
Quezon's terminal decline at Saranac Lake, mid-1944 (he dies 1 Aug 1944).
15 June 1944
StoryThe islands
The enemy remade his command for the battle he now knew was coming. A Fourteenth Area Army rose in Manila, a Thirty-Fifth Army in Cebu, and a planning staff under Yamaguchi set to laying out seventy airfields across the islands. Trees fell, caves were dug, coasts were wired. The occupation was turning the whole archipelago into a fortress to be held against its own people's liberation.
Japanese reorganization (14th Area Army, 35th Army) and Yamaguchi's 70-airfield program, mid-1944 (supplied).
18 June 1944
StoryNegros, Panay, and Mindanao
Through June the boats came and went like a tide. The Nautilus put ninety-two tons and four men ashore at Balatong Point on Negros and took off seventeen refugees; the Narwhal carried tons and men to Peralta on Panay and to Fertig on Mindanao and slipped away again. Guns in, refugees out, night after night. The lifeline was a flood now, and the enemy could not stop it.
Negros Occidental →June 1944 submarine supply and evacuation runs (Nautilus, Narwhal) to Negros, Panay, and Mindanao (supplied).
19 June 1944
StoryAcross the islands
Far to the east, past the edge of everything the islands could see, the Americans landed on the enemy's islands and a great sea-and-air battle was fought. The people knew none of the truth of it — only rumors, a new tension in the garrisons, more planes in the sky. But the rumors said the same thing the matchboxes did: the tide had turned, and it was turning toward home.
Distant echoes of the Marianas landings and the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 15–20 June 1944 (island viewpoint: rumor only).
24 June 1944
StoryMalabang, Lanao
At Malabang in Lanao a man the enemy had trusted turned on them. Ali Dimaporo fell upon the Japanese commander Ishima and a dozen of his soldiers, killed them, and took to the hills as a guerrilla leader. In the Moro country the occupation learned again that a collaborator's loyalty lasted exactly as long as it served him, and no longer.
Lanao del Sur →Ali Dimaporo kills Capt. Ishima and twelve soldiers at Malabang, Lanao, and joins the resistance, 24 June 1944 (supplied).
28 June 1944
StoryThe rice barrios
The rains came down on a countryside too broken to use them. Fields no one had strength to plant, dikes no one had mended, the fever thick in the standing water. The old cycle of the planting turned over a land that could barely answer it. The sky gave what it always had; the war had taken the hands to meet it.
The 1944 rainy season over a depleted countryside.
29 June 1944
StoryNear Baler, on the Pacific coast
A courier from Volckmann in the far north made his way down to Captain Ball's hidden coastal station near Baler, on the Pacific shore, to knot the northern net into the wider web that ran through Samar to Australia. The resistance was stitching itself together across the whole length of the islands — north to south, mountain to sea — into one instrument for the return.
Aurora →Volckmann's courier reaches Ball's station near Baler to link USAFIP-NL to SWPA via Samar, 29 June 1944 (supplied).
30 June 1944
StoryCebu
Late in June Cushing's guerrillas gathered the last of the scattered Z-Plan papers and passed them to Andrews, with word from Australia that a submarine would come for them within ten days. The great find was complete and on its way out, every page. The enemy had burned half of Cebu to prevent exactly this, and failed. The islands had kept the secret and would send it home.
Cebu →Recovery of the remaining Z-Plan documents by Cushing's guerrillas; Whitney's promise of a submarine, late June 1944 (supplied).